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body psychotherapy
Body psychotherapy,〔Totton, N. (2003) ''Body Psychotherapy: An Introduction'' Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-21038-4 (pb); 0-335-21039-2.〕〔Staunton, T. (Ed.) (2002) ''Body Psychotherapy'' Brunner Routledge. ISBN 1-58391-115-4 PB0; 1-58391-116-2 (pb)〕〔Macnaughton, I. (2004) ''Body, Breath and Consciousness: A Somatics Anthology'', ed. Macnaughton, North Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-55643-496-0 ISBN 978-1-55643-496-9〕〔Courtenay Young (2010) article (The Science of Body Psychotherapy Today )〕 also called body-oriented psychotherapy, is a branch of psychotherapy〔Sharf, R.S. (2011) ''Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling'' p. 600〕 which applies basic principles of somatic psychology. It originated in the work of Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud and particularly Wilhelm Reich who developed it as vegetotherapy.
==History==
Wilhelm Reich and the post-Reichians are considered the central element of body psychotherapy.〔Totton, N. (Ed.). (2005). ''New Dimensions in Body Psychotherapy''. London: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill p.3〕 From the 1930s Reich became known for the idea that muscular tension reflected repressed emotions, what he called 'body armour,' and developed a way to use pressure to produce emotional release in his clients.〔Totton, (2005) p.3〕 Reich was expelled from the psychoanalytic mainstream and his work found a home in the ‘growth movement’ of the 1960s and 1970s and in the countercultural project of 'liberating the body.'〔 Perhaps as a result, body psychotherapy was marginalised within mainstream psychology and was seen in the 1980s and 1990s as ‘the radical fringe of psychotherapy'.〔Totton (2005) p.3〕 Body psychotherapy's marginal position may be connected with the tendency for charismatic leaders to emerge within it, from Reich onwards.〔Eiden, B. (2002) in Staunton, T. (Ed.) ''Body Psychotherapy'' p.27〕
Alexander Lowen in his Bioenergetic analysis and John Pierrakos in Core energetics extended Reich's finding of the segmented nature of body armour: "The muscular armour has a ''segmented'' arrangement...always ''transverse'' to the torso, never along it".〔Reich, (1976) ''Character Analysis'' p. 370-1〕〔Eiden, p. 39-40〕 Lowen claimed that "No words are so clear as the language of body expression".〔Cited by Schutz, W.C. (1973) ''Joy'' p. 26〕 Subsequently the Chiron approach added influences from Gestalt therapy.〔Sharf, p. 600〕
The early 2000s saw a 'renaissance of body psychotherapy' which was part of a broader increased interest in the body and embodiment in psychology and other disciplines including philosophy, sociology, anthropology and cultural studies.〔Totton (2005) p.4-5〕 Object relations theory has arguably opened the way more recently for a fuller consideration of the body-mind in psychotherapy.〔Eiden, p. 38-9〕
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